Hydrogen:

THE FUEL for Today's Energy Needs

 

EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT HYDROGEN

...AND MORE

What is Hydrogen?

Properties

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic gas at atmospheric temperatures and pressures. It is the lightest gas known, being only some seven one hundredths as heavy as air. Hydrogen is present in the atmosphere, occurring in concentrations of only about 0.01 per cent by volume at lower altitudes.
Hydrogen burns in air with a pale blue/green, almost invisible flame.

Hydrogen is apparently the most common substance in the universe, because it has no competitors for the title, except perhaps for helium. It exists mainly in the interstellar medium, with an average density of 10 atoms or less per cubic centimetre, and is by no means uniformly distributed. It has no effect on visible light

On the Earth, hydrogen is not very common, existing only in the thin sheet of water covering 70% of the Earth, as only 0.127% by weight of the lithosphere, and in the small amount of hydrocarbons and organic matter.

 It tends to become more important at very high altitudes, rising to about 1% of a very, very rare atmosphere. The hydrogen atoms at high altitudes may be the result of the solar wind, as well as the hydrogen that has diffused from below, and all this hydrogen is gradually lost, since the Earth's gravity is not sufficient to retain it.

The Hydrogen Atom

The hydrogen atom may be considered as a mobile package of an electron and a proton. Two atoms can easily come together, since they do not repel one another, and when they do, they find that it is much more comfortable for the two protons to move close together (to 0.7416 Å) and arrange the electrons around themselves to achieve the minimum energy.

Although atomic hydrogen is very active, diatomic hydrogen is not; it is quite inert until the molecule is disrupted.

This activity of the Atomic Hydrogen is potentially very important.  On going research is concentrating on the conversion of atomic hydrogen actively converting to diatomic hydrogen.  The process of conversion results in the creation of additional measurable power.  (Mueller and Frolov)  They have quantified the energy cost of conversion from diatomic hydrogen to atomic and back again.  The amount of energy created in the return to diatomic is resoundingly higher than the energy put in.  FREE ENERGY POTENTIAL!!

Diatomic molecules are molecules formed of exactly two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. The prefix di- means two in Greek. Diatomic elements are those that almost exclusively exist as diatomic molecules, known as homonuclear diatomic molecules in their natural elemental state when they are not chemically bonded with other elements. Examples include H2 and O2. Earth's atmosphere is comprised almost completely (99%) of diatomic molecules which are oxygen (O2) (21%) and nitrogen (N2) (78%). The remaining 1% is predominantly argon (0.9340%)

Energy levels

A common, approximate, model of a diatomic molecule is that of a dumbell - that is, each atom is on one end of a spring or rod.

Now this dumbell molecule can only move in a few specific ways:

  • It can vibrate such that the atoms oscillate between getting closer and farther from each other.
  • It can rotate or spin about some axis.

Water and Hydrogen Ions

The oxygen atom has space for two additional electrons that are easily supplied by two hydrogen atoms.

If both hydrogen and oxygen are flammable, then why doesn't water burn?


Hydrogen and oxygen will burn to form water if in an appropriate mixture. Pure hydrogen by itself and pure oxygen by itself will not burn (hydrogen needs an oxidizer and oxygen needs a reductant). Water (H2O) is a stable chemical component that does not have the characteristics of the elements that make up its composition (hydrogen and oxygen). This is true of most chemical compounds.

Ortho- and Parahydrogen

The discovery of two apparently different kinds of hydrogen gas that could interconvert slowly, called orthohydrogen and parahydrogen.  The two forms were chemically and physically identical, except that they differed slightly in spectra and specific heats.   (Ortho-hydrogen molecules have a parallel spin; para-hydrogen molecules, an anti-parallel spin.) There is no difference in the chemical properties of these forms, but there is a difference in physical properties. Para-hydrogen is the form preferred for rocket fuels. Hydrogen consists of about three parts ortho and one part para as a gas at room temperature.

 

Environmental Advantages

The burning of hydrogen with air under appropriate conditions in combustion engines or gas turbines results in very low or negligible emissions. Trace hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, if at all generated, can only result from the combustion of motor oil in the combustion chamber of internal combustion engines.  Nitrous oxide emissions increase exponentially with the combustion temperature.  As hydrogen offers more possibilities than other fuels, a distinct reduction in NOx emissions is possible compared to mineral oil and natural gas, provided that a lower combustion temperature is achieved (e.g. with a high air to fuel ratio). Particulate and sulfur emissions are completely avoided apart from small quantities of lubricant remnants.  The use of hydrogen in fuel cell propulsion systems with low temperature fuel cells (Membrane fuel cells: PEMFC) completely eliminates all polluting emissions.   The only by-product resulting from the generation of electricity from hydrogen and oxygen in the air is de-mineralised water.  Furthermore hydrogen offers the possibility, depending on production method, to drastically reduce or avoid emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), in the whole fuel cycle. 

The huge advantage that hydrogen has over other fuels is that as a fuel it is non-polluting, when you combust hydrogen the only product is water.  It has been the fuel used to provide electricity for the space shuttle for the last two decades via on-board fuel cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity; the exhaust from the fuel cell – pure water – is used by the crew as drinking water.

Hydrogen Production

There are many technologies that can be used to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is not an energy source, rather an energy vector or carrier. This means that it has to be produced from one of the primary energy sources: fossil fuels, nuclear or renewables. The term renewables has been defined to include solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal and urban waste resources. All the energy we use, including hydrogen, must be produced from one of these three primary energy resources.

On earth, hydrogen is found combined with other elements. For example, in water hydrogen is combined with oxygen. In fossil fuels, it is combined with carbon as in petroleum, natural gas or coal. The challenge is to separate hydrogen from other naturally occurring compounds in an efficient and economic manner.

The cost of hydrogen production is an important issue. Hydrogen produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. Also, producing hydrogen from electrolysis with electricity at 5 cents/kWh will cost $28/million BTU — slightly less than two times the cost of hydrogen from natural gas. Note that the cost of hydrogen production from electricity is a linear function of electricity costs, so electricity at 10 cents/kWh means that hydrogen will cost $56/million BTU.

Hydrogen is currently predominantly produced via the catalytic steam reforming of methane to give hydrogen and carbon monoxide  However, natural gas is not a renewable source of fuel and ultimately contributes to the worldwide increase in global emissions of carbon dioxide.

Perhaps the most promising method of producing hydrogen is simply by the electrolytic splitting of water (electrolysis), in which an electric current is passed through water, decomposing it into hydrogen at the negatively charged cathode and oxygen at the positive anode.  If the electricity used to split the water is generated from a renewable source such as solar, wind, biomass, wave, tidal, geothermal or hydropower then there is the potential to produce hydrogen sustainably in a non-polluting manner.  Photoelectrochemical (PEC) production uses semiconductor technology in a one-step process that utilizes the energy from sunlight to produce an electric current which electrolyses water in a single device.

Other methods of renewable hydrogen production include the high temperature gasification and low-temperature pyrloysis of biomass (agricultural waste, wood, domestic organic waste).  In pyrolysis, biomass is broken down into highly reactive vapors and a carbonaceous residue, or char.  The vapors can then be steam reformed to produce hydrogen.  There is also considerable interest in the photobiological production of hydrogen by microbes.

Preparing Hydrogen

Hydrogen does not occur free in nature; it is so "elemental" that is easily combines with just about everything.   It can be made by "re-forming" natural gas or another fossil fuel, or by using electricity to split ("electrolyze") water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen. In this sense, hydrogen is like electricity: the energy to generate it can be obtained from sources ranging from the burning of high-sulfur coal to pollution-free photovoltaic cells (solar cells). 

Hydrogen does not occur uncombined on Earth. The only practical source of hydrogen is water (and, perhaps biomass). Ultimately, even the hydrogen in hydrocarbons and organic matter came from water.

Energy is required to separate the hydrogen from water, and when the hydrogen is subsequently burned, less energy is obtained than was consumed to produce the hydrogen. Some say, "On the Earth, hydrogen is not an energy source, only a means of storing and transporting energy."  If appears that this statement is based solely on economics.  If, for instance, there was very little or no cost in producing hydrogen, hydrogen becomes a valuable source of energy.  To elaborate.  If the cost and energy of drilling an oil well were higher; say, at or above the energy obtained from the oil itself, one would possibly be tempted to say that "oil is not an energy source, only a means of storage and transporting energy."  So we keep trying to find an inexpensively way to "mine" hydrogen.

Hydrogen Gas "Town Gas" Once Lit up

America in the 1800's and early 1900's

In towns and cities all across America, lamplighters once lit gas street lights at dusk. Inside middle class homes, gas lamps provided light while gas heaters provided warmth. The gas that fueled the lights and furnaces of an earlier America was not the natural gas of today, but a hydrogen-rich mixture called "town gas."

Unknown to most people today there are over 700 miles of hydrogen pipeline in the U.S., Germany and England right now! This is small compared to natural gas systems, but it is important to note that there are hydrogen pipelines in operation today that deliver gas to the user without incident.

The cheapest way to produce hydrogen is as water gas. Coke is burned in air to bring it to red heat. Then the air is shut off and steam is blown into the reactor. The reaction is C + H2O → CO + H2. The water gas, enriched somewhat with hydrocarbons, was supplied as town gas for heating purposes in most cities until natural gas became available.

This is one of the cheapest ways to make hydrogen, and it will be noticed that not only does is require a good deal more energy than will be recovered by burning the hydrogen, but also produces CO2.

Using Hydrogen

Hydrogen can be burned in a torch with air or oxygen. An air-hydrogen torch flame reaches 2045°C, while an oxyhydrogen flame reaches 2660°C. Flame temperatures are subject to considerable uncertainty, and depend on the mixture used. The hydrogen flame contains no carbon, and so is invisible.

Most of the proposed uses of hydrogen, however, produce heat by burning it in oxygen. This may be done in an open flame, in an internal-combustion engine, in a gas turbine, or fuel cell. The basic reaction is H2 + (1/2)O2 → H2O + Q.

Hydrogen has 3.106796 times the BTU's as gasoline per pound.  Assuming the car has a 12 gallon gas tank, an equivalent load of h2 would be about 3.4 lbs instead of 26 lbs.  Logically this should  mean that you need only 1/3 the amount of hydrogen per pound than gasoline to have the same BTUs.  Unfortunately, hydrogen is quite light (see above), a pound of hydrogen is quite a large sized container.  So, effectively one would have to either pressurize the hydrogen to get enough of it on the vehicle to have practical driving distance or (another solution being actively worked on) would be to generate the hydrogen on board as you were driving.

Hydrogen, by far the most abundant element in the universe and one of the most abundant on earth can be found in many different materials including water, natural gas and biomass.  In its molecular form hydrogen can be used directly as a fuel to drive a vehicle, to heat water or indirectly to produce electricity for industrial, transport and domestic use.  The huge advantage that hydrogen has over other fuels is that as a fuel it is non-polluting, when you combust hydrogen the only product is water.

The Hindenburg fabric covering (questions) were raised when he learned that a cellulose nitrate (gun powder) dope with powdered aluminum (a fuel) was used on the Hindenburg.  Furthermore, a hydrogen flame is almost invisible in day light, it burns a light blue. We know from many eye witness accounts as well as actual photographs, that the flames were red and orange.

The burning of fossil fuel causes pollution, which causes millions to suffer from lung, respiratory, and allergic reactions, also radiation from nuclear power plants.  Hydrogen would eliminate all of these problems.  hydrogen, when produced efficiently to its full potential, is able to compete with oil in a global market, at a fraction of the price. Hydrogen truly is the perfect fuel, the fuel that may save us in Iraq, the fuel that brought us to the moon, the fuel that will save us from our own destruction, the fuel that will guide us through the twenty-first century and beyond, for as long as the sun continues to shine, and there is someone willing to reap its treasure.

 

The following is excerpted from Roy McAlister's book, "The Solar Hydrogen Civilization".

If Vehicles Use Hydrogen, City Streets will be Flooded with Water from their Tail Pipes  (a Myth)

This objection to progress is based on the accurate observation that hydrogen produces water when it is burned in an engine or used in a fuel cell.  And the erroneous conclusion that substituting hydrogen for gasoline would cause city streets to be flooded with water condensed from the tail pipes of cars that use hydrogen.

ANALYSIS:

Actually, using renewable hydrogen greatly reduces the net amount of water compared to the volume that is released by burning gasoline.  And, please note there are even larger benefits for the Solar Hydrogen Civilization.

Gasoline is composed of approximately one thousand different molecular types that have an average carbon to hydrogen ratio of 2.25:1 as in octane or C8H18. 

One gallon of gasoline weighs about 6.4 pounds; therefore as summarized in equation (114 lbs +400 lbs - 352 lbs + 162 lbs), combustion of 6.4 pounds of gasoline produces about 19.76 pounds of carbon dioxide and 9.09 pounds of water.  One gallon of water weighs about 8.33 pounds; therefore burning one gallon of gasoline produces more than a gallon of water which passes out of the tail pipe, usually in vaporous form.

Water produced by burning fossil fuels that were stored in deep geological formations for 60 to 600 million years is being added to the Earth's surface inventory of water at the rate equivalent to about 190 million barrels per day.  Much of this additional water is exhausted from vehicles that use fossil fuels as they are driven on city streets.  On cool days you can see carbonic acid that forms as carbon dioxide is absorbed into the water that drips from the tail pipes of vehicles that use gasoline.  Burning one gallon of fossil gasoline produces more than one gallon of condensable water from the exhaust.

Renewable Hydrogen Makes Zero Water Addition:

In comparison, consider the use of renewable hydrogen in vehicles and for electric power production.  Replacing one gallon of gasoline will be accomplished by two pounds of hydrogen, which can be produced from 18 pounds of water.  Burning the renewable hydrogen in an automobile or some other energy conversion operation will return the 18 pounds of water that was used to produce it.  The net effect is zero water addition because the same amount of water that sourced the hydrogen is released when it is combusted or utilized in a hydrogen fuel cell.

(from the Solar Hydrogen Civilization, by Roy McAlister; p 173.)

 

 

Electrolysis of water is an electrolytic process which decomposes water into oxygen and hydrogen gas with the aid of an electric current, where a power source from a 6 volt battery is commonly used. The electrolysis cell consists of two electrodes (usually an inert metal such as platinum) submerged in an electrolyte and connected to opposite poles of a source of direct current.

In chemistry, a metal is an element that readily forms positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds. Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.

An electrolyte is a substance containing free ions which behaves as an electrically conductive medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions.

Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is the constant flow of electrons from low to high potential. This is typically in a conductor such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. In direct current, the electric charges flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC).

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them.

An ionic compound is dissolved with an appropriate solvent, or otherwise melted by heat, so that its ions are available in the liquid. An electrical current is applied between a pair of inert electrodes immersed in the liquid. The negatively charged electrode is called the cathode, and the positively charged one the anode.

The energy required to separate the ions, and cause them to gather at the respective electrodes, is provided by an electrical power supply. At the probes, electrons are absorbed or released by the ions, forming a collection of the desired element or compound.

In electrolysis, the anode is the positive electrode, meaning it has a deficit of electrons; species in contact with the anode can be stripped of electrons (i.e., they are oxidized). The cathode is the negative electrode, meaning it has a surplus of electrons.

When electricity is passed through an liquid solution of an ion or an electrolyte, a chemical reaction called electrolysis occurs. When electricity flows, chemical changes happen. For example, lets take a solution of sodium chloride. At the positive electrode, the anode, oxidation occurs as electrons are pulled from negatively charged chloride ions. At the negative electrode, the cathode, reduction occurs as electrons are added to positively charged sodium ions. Remember the anode is where oxidation occurs (remember "an ox"). The cathode is where reduction occurs (remember "red cat").

A higher current flow (amperage) through the cell means it will be passing more electrons through it at any given time. This means a faster rate of reduction at the cathode and a faster rate of oxidation at the anode.

A higher potential difference (voltage) applied to the cell means the cathode will have more energy to bring about reduction, and the anode will have more energy to bring about oxidation. Higher potential difference enables the electrolytic cell to oxidize and reduce energetically more "difficult" compounds. This can drastically change what products will form in a given experiment. On a practical level, both current and voltage determine what will form in a cell.

Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride) produces aqueous sodium hydroxide and chlorine, although usually only in minute amounts. NaCl(aq) can be reliably electrolysed to produce hydrogen. In order to produce chlorine commercially, molten sodium chloride is electrolysed to produce sodium metal and chlorine gas. These will react violently, so a mercury cell is used to ensure they do not come into contact with each other.

 

High-temperature electrolysis (also HTE or steam electrolysis) is a method currently being investigated for the production of hydrogen from water with oxygen as a by-product. High temperature electrolysis is more efficient than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures. In fact, at 2500°C, electrical input is unnecessary because water breaks down to hydrogen and oxygen through thermolysis. Such temperatures are impractical; proposed HTE systems operate at 100 to 850°C.

By whatever method one uses water electroysis results in the separation into Hydroxide and hydrogen  ions. OH− and  H+

Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen:  It has a charge of −1. Hydroxide is one of the simplest of the polyatomic ions.

As pure water conducts electricity very poorly, a water-soluble electrolyte must be added to the electrolysis cell to close the circuit. The electrolyte dissolves and disassociates into cations and anions (positive and negative ions) that carry the current. Electrolytes are normally acids, bases, or salts.

An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH of less than 7. An acid as a compound which donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to another compound (called a base). Common examples include acetic acid (in vinegar) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries). Acids generally taste sour; however, tasting acids, particularly concentrated acids, can be dangerous and is not recommended.

A strong base is a basic chemical compound that is able to deprotonate very weak acids in an acid-base reaction. The strength of a base is indicated by its pKb value, compounds with a pKb of more than about 13 are called strong bases. Common examples of strong bases are the hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals like NaOH and Ca(OH)2. In water strong bases form hydroxyl ions (OH-), either by complete dissociation through solvation (metal hydroxides) or by chemical reaction with water (e.g. NaH and LDA).

 

 

 

 

Strong base Ionisers

(Strongest to weakest)

Extremely Strong Base Ionisers

In chemistry, a salt is any ionic compound composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is neutral (without a net charge). These component ions can be inorganic (Cl−) as well as organic (CH3COO−) and monoatomic (F−) as well as polyatomic ions (SO42−); they are formed when acids and bases react.

When salts are dissolved in water, they are called electrolytes, and are able to conduct electricity, a property that is shared with molten salts.

This reaction is simple to replicate. Two leads running from the terminals of a battery into a cup of water and electrolyte is sufficient to produce a visible stream of oxygen or hydrogen bubbles at either electrode. The presence of hydroxide (OH-) ions can be detected with a pH indicator such as phenolphthalein or Bromothymol blue.

The energy efficiency of water electrolysis varies widely. Some report 50–70%, while others report 80–94% These values refer only to the efficiency of converting electrical energy into hydrogen's chemical energy. The energy lost in generating the electricity is not included. For instance, when considering a power plant that converts the heat of nuclear reactions into hydrogen via electrolysis, the total efficiency is more like 25–40%.

 

The chemical equation for electrolysis is:

energy (electricity) + 2 H2O ->  O2  + 2 H2 .

At the cathode (the negative electrode), there is a negative charge created by the battery. This means that there is an electrical pressure to push electrons into the water at this end. At the anode (the positive electrode), there is a positive charge, so that electrode would like to absorb electrons. But the water isn't a very good conductor. Instead, in order for there to be a flow of charge all the way around the circuit, water molecules near the cathode are split up into a positively charged hydrogen ion, which is symbolized as H+. 

This hydrogen atom meets another hydrogen atom and forms a hydrogen gas molecule:

H + H -> H2,

and this molecule bubbles to the surface, and wa-la! We have hydrogen gas!

 

 

Now, for the practical usage!

Hydrogen has many practical uses, for example, you can easily convert any combustion engine to run on hydrogen. Hydrogen can be used as a cooking fuel, to heat your home, drive your car, and mow your lawn. Hydrogen can run your generator and run the electricity for your home. With the addition of a fuel cell, hydrogen can be turned back to electricity to run your computer, your lights. It can be used in place of electricity, in place of gasoline, and in place or propane or natural gas. It can be used to suit all the world’s power needs. Unlike with so many things, which only the rich more developed countries, can afford. Hydrogen can power any country where the sun shines.

What do I do with it once I have it?  Burn it!! or Use it to create electricity (fuel cell).  Do we need to wait for the professionals to invent the ideal fuel cell? 

Most environmentalists, let alone ordinary citizens don’t even realize the extent to which hydrogen can go in solving our most pressing issues, pollution and global warming, just to name a couple. The air that comes out of the exhaust pipe of a combustion engine running off hydrogen is cleaner than it was when it went in, called “minus emissions.” Engine oil remains clean for a extended period of time, because there is no sulfur or carbon compounds to degrade the oil. Engines using hydrogen will last much longer and start faster in any weather. Existing cars could be converted to run on hydrogen, in fact introducing a small amount of hydrogen two to five percent into internal combustion engines that currently run off gasoline, diesel, or natural gas increases the efficiency, improves gas, mileage and reduces pollutants quite remarkably (McAlister).

Why don't we replace our natural gas and propane with hydrogen?  We have two options if we're thinking along these lines:

  1.    Combine our hydrogen with our natural gas or propane and use all of our appliances exactly as they are, no modification of appliances or piping is necessary.
  2.   We can also modify our appliances to burn only hydrogen.  This would mean that you can't burn the natural gas or propane any more.  (A psychological jump, requiring a commitment.)  But the appliances will burn hydrogen with just a few modifications and we'd be freed from the grip of the grid, and truly self reliant.  (Again, remember this is not a new idea.  Historically, it just got won over by the natural gas, gasoline, oil idea.)

What "generators" are available? 

Remember the burning coke, steam idea?  Cheap but polluting.

How about electrolysis?  How many different ways are there?

How many different toxic fumes must I endure?  (Refer to above in description of acids, electrolyzers and bases.)

What is a Galvanic Hydrogen Generator? Should I consider purchasing one?

A Galvanic Hydrogen Generator is a reverse fuel cell.  Magnesium aluminum cells are placed in this tank along with seawater.  The hydrogen gas bubbles to the top of the tank and the tank starts to get warm.  This reaction corrodes the magnesium anodes and releases the hydrogen gas.  These tanks can be made to accommodate any fuel requirement.  The heat can be used to heat water by a heat exchanger and the excess hydrogen gas can be burned in just about any open-air burner or engine.

 

Advantages:

Interested?  After you've made the initial cash outlay of $500+ for the "generator", you'll need to purchase the magnesium aluminum cells from your dealer.  The price of these cells are cheap!!  (At least they are now, but no guarantee for the future!!)  So, you see this is NOT a GENERATOR at all!  It's an extractor.  Leaving you waiting for the "milkman" for your next order.

What about a little thing we call "sustainability"?  Do we need another dependency in our future?  How about "make it yourself", for yourself? 

I have personally made the decision to purchase a Hydrogen Generator (electrolysis, with solid polymer and silicon redunctant which requires only distilled, de-ionized water).  This generator uses about 2 amperes of electricity at 110 volts.  It puts out about 200cc of hydrogen per minute. My project is an experiment in determining exactly how much hydrogen my household requires on a daily basis and how much hydrogen can I produce from my solar panels on a daily basis. 

My hope is to achieve total sustainability.  The hydrogen generated will produce enough to supply gas to my house (all the appliances, including the refrigerator) and enough for run my vehicles (converted to run on pure hydrogen or hydrogen boosted hydrocarbons) and for my backup generator which has also been converted to run on pure hydrogen or hydrogen boosted propane.

This project has taken a considerable period of time to actually put into operation.  Only now have I connected my Hydrogen Generator to my house Solar Panel Electrical System.  Now, at last, I will see this in operation and be able to determine the economics and feasibility.  Does the actual production from my H2 Generator produce enough to sustain my home in the long haul?  Will my storage tanks be adequate to hole the H2 production?  These are questions I hope to find the answers to shortly.