IBM Claims Major Thin-Film Breakthrough
"These types of easily processed semiconducting films could
eventually be used to make circuitry for very-low-cost or flexible displays,
high-performance smart cards, sensors and solar cells or for flexible
electronics coated onto a wide variety of molded or plastic shapes."
- IBM Research team leader, David Mitzi.
Yorktown Heights, New York - March 19, 2004 [SolarAccess.com]
IBM scientists have achieved what they claim is
a significant scientific milestone toward creating very low-cost electronic
circuits with record high performance. A team of researchers at IBM's T.J.
Watson Research Center recently developed a simple, low-cost process to make
extraordinarily thin films of semiconducting materials that allows electrical
charges to move through them about 10 times more easily than had been reported
for all other similar approaches. Such an increase can enable a broad array of
low-cost electronics and new pervasive-computing applications. And that also
means the possibility for a great advances in solar photovoltaic (PV) power.
"These types of easily processed semiconducting films could eventually be
used to make circuitry for very-low-cost or flexible displays, high-performance
smart cards, sensors and solar cells or for flexible electronics coated onto a
wide variety of molded or plastic shapes," said the IBM Research team
leader, David Mitzi.
Mitzi's team reported their findings in the March 18 issue of the technical
journal, Nature. While advances in high-performance microelectronics are
typically aimed at making ever-smaller features in intricate and precisely
defined patterns on perfectly formed silicon crystals -- a task that is becoming
increasingly difficult as the feature dimensions decrease and the cost of
manufacturing equipment increases -- researchers are also seeking extremely
low-cost methods for making massive numbers of relatively simple electronic
devices for use in many potential applications that are not now practical due to
their cost.
Harsh critics of solar PV power could argue the technology falls into that
category.
Spin coating is one of the simplest and cheapest of such techniques: Several
drops of a liquid solution are simply placed onto a spinning platter in a
high-tech version of a carnival paint spinner. Centripetal forces then spread
the liquid to a uniform thickness over the entire surface. The film's thickness
is usually determined by the solution's viscosity (its resistance to flow) and
the rate and duration of spinning. The liquid is then cured into a solid thin
film upon which transistors and other various electronic devices can be made.
Until now, the only semiconducting materials that could be made using spin
coating had limited usefulness due to their low charge "mobility" -- a
measure of how fast electronic circuits made with a semiconductor can operate.
Better semiconductors could not be dissolved in any liquid that would result in
a thin film that retained the desired mobility. Mitzi's team developed a way to
dissolve such higher-mobility materials in a liquid that could be used in a
spin-coating process, leaving a very uniformly-controlled film. Moreover, in a
transistor made on the films, the materials exhibited 10 times the charge
mobility of any previously spin-coated semiconductor.
Further refinements of the process will be explored, but IBM researchers believe
this technique will significantly accelerate progress toward the widespread use
of thin-film electronics made by the family of fast, inexpensive,
high-throughput "solution processes," such as spin coating, printing,
stamping, nanoimprinting, inkjet printing and dipping.
Applications for solution-processed electronics include: advanced displays,
flexible devices, high-function smart cards and RFID tags, PV solar cells and
phase-change solid-state memories.