Scott Sklar is President of The Stella Group in Washington, D.C., a distributed energy marketing and policy firm. Scott, co-author of "A Consumer Guide to Solar Energy", uses solar technologies for heating and power at his home in Virginia.
Q: Critics of solar energy often cite the subsidies it requires to even come close to being cost effective with utility provided energy. How do you respond to such criticism? Specifically, can you quantify the subsidies that are provided to coal, natural gas and nuclear derived energy? Bob T. Charlotte, NC
A: There is no free market in energy in the United States, and in
fact, we are one of the very few industrialized nations who subsidize our mature
energy companies with mature energy technologies in mature energy markets.
Our government has directed billions of dollars of subsidies to the traditional
energy industries, compiled by US General Accounting Office September 25, 2000
to The Honorable Tom Harkin Ranking Minority Member: Tax Incentives for
Petroleum and Ethanol Fuels: Estimates of Revenue Losses Over Time Dollars in
millions Tax incentive Summed over years Adjusted to year 2000 dollars Petroleum
industry Excess of percentage over cost depletion a 1968-2000 $81,679-$82,085
billion. Expensing of exploration and development costs a 1968-2000
42,855-54,580 billion. Alternative (nonconventional) fuel production credit
1980-2000 8,411-10,542 billion. Oil and gas exception from passive loss
limitation 1988-2000 1,065 billion. Credit for enhanced oil recovery costs
1994-2000 482-1,002 bilion. Expensing of tertiary injectants 1980-2000 330
million.
According to a 2003 US PIRG study on appropriations, federal government energy
supply R&D expenditures from1948-1998 in federal appropriation for research and
development expressed in 2003 dollars were: Nuclear energy $74 billion, Fossil
fuels $30.9 billion, Renewables $14.6 billion, and Energy efficiency $11.7
billion.
The Energy information Administration (EIA) issued a report in 1999, where, in
summary form, federal FY 1999 subsidies as federal support for all primary
energy are nicely listed at:
(http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/table_es1.html)
But the recently-passed Energy Bill is the most illustrative. The Joint
Committee on Taxation advises Congress the extent of subsidies they passed in a
report dated July 27, 2005 (
http://www.house.gov/jct/x-59-05.pdf ) - and the Cliff Notes version of the
$11.525 billion of energy subsidies: $2.822 billion went to the oil and gas
industries. Of the $5.06 billion that went to the electric utility industries an
additional $1.14 billion went to nuclear decommissioning and an additional 278
million went to 'new' nuclear facilities, and 1.612 billion went to clean coal.
Now energy efficiency received $1.284 billion, and $2,747 went to extend the
renewable energy tax credits for 2 years.
My annotated list of tax subsidies I regularly handout to policymakers are:
Oil Royalties on Federal Lands (May 1998), High Bill: "Royalty In-Kind" fee
rather than "World Price" fee causes US Treasury to lose $330 million per year
and $1.65 billion over 5 years (How an Oil Industry favor Wound Up in a Tornado
bill. The Washington post. (Juliet Eilperin) May 2, 1998 Page A6.)
$10 Billion in Subsidies that Fuel Global Warming (November 1997) Mining
Reclamation deduction $500 million/year Percentage depletion on oil, natural gas
and coal (Cut $10 Billion in Subsidies that Fuel Global Warming to Fund Energy
Alternatives and Economic Solutions. Friends of the Earth. November 1997. 12
pages.)
$880 million/year on Capital Gains and Treatment on Coal Royalties, and
Oil Imports, TaxPayer Subsidies and the Petroleum Industry (May 1995)
Independent Oil and Gas Producer Exemption from Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)
plus 58% of all federal subsidies ($21.1 billion directly promote fossil fuels
of which $7.7 billion are tax benefits ( Oil Imports, Taxpayer Subsidies and The
Petroleum Industry. Citizen Action (Ed Rothchild) May 1995. 20 pages.)
Federal Energy Subsidies (April 1993) 1989 dollars per year (low estimates) Tax
Exempt Bonds for public power $1.14 billion and Tax Exclusion for electric coops
$403 million, Percentage Depletion: Oil & Gas $390 million, Gas and Oil
Exemption: passive loss restrictions $135 million (Federal Energy Subsidies:
Energy, Environmental and Fiscal Impacts. Alliance to Save Energy. (Douglas
Koplow) April `1993. 91 pages)
Federal Energy Subsidies (November 1992) Revenue Loss by Type: FY'92 Tax
Deferrals: $100 million ($20 million for expensing), Tertiary injectants and $80
million in working Interest in oil and gas properties). Income Reducing Measures
$870 million ($745 million in excess percentage over cost depletion exclusion
and $125 million on interest waiver on state and local bonds relating to energy)
(Federal Energy Subsidies: Direct and Indirect interventions in Energy Markets.
Energy Information Administration. Report # SR/EMEU/92-02)
Beyond the usual subsidies, I have not found revenue loss reports for the
overseas oil refinery credit given to the oil companies so they have had
favorable tax treatment to move their refineries overseas. How ironic now that
Congress and the President lament that the oil industry then actually did move
our oil refineries off shore. However in February 2006, the New York Times
reported that the federal government is on the verge of one of the biggest
giveaways of oil and gas in American history, worth an estimated $7 billion over
five years. New projections, buried in the Interior Department's just published
budget plan, anticipate that the government will let companies pump about $65
billion worth of oil and natural gas from federal territory over the next five
years without paying any royalties to the government. Based on the
administration figures, the government will give up more than $7 billion in
payments between now and 2011.
Various experts say the subsidies range from 2-3 cents per kilowatt hour and
around 50 cents per gallon of gasoline for direct subsidies, and that's not
counting our military expenditures specifically directed toward protecting sea
lanes for our oil tankers and the oil fields of our suppliers overseas.
So in response to your question on "how do I justify subsidies to clean energy?"
- to compensate for the tens of billions of dollars of your taxes propping up
older, polluting technologies. A sad situation, isn't it?
Copyright © 1999 - 2005 - RenewableEnergyAccess.com
Please visit www.RenewableEnergyAccess.com for great coverage on energy today!!