From: International Herald Tribune
Published June 3, 2008 09:54 AM
Desert is claiming southeast Spain
FORTUNA, Spain: Lush fields of lettuce and hothouses of tomatoes line the
roads. Verdant new developments of plush pastel vacation homes beckon buyers
from Britain and Germany. Golf courses - 54 of them, all built in the past
decade and most in the past three years - give way to the beach. At last,
this hardscrabble corner of southeast Spain is thriving.
There is only one problem with this picture of bounty: This province,
Murcia, is running out of water. Spurred on by global warming and poorly
planned development, swaths of southeast Spain are steadily turning into
desert.
This year in Murcia farmers are fighting developers over water rights.
They are fighting each other over who gets to water their crops. And in a
sign of their mounting desperation, they are buying and selling water like
gold on a burgeoning black market.
"Water will be the environmental issue this year," said Barbara Helferrich,
spokeswoman for the European Union's Environment Directorate. "The problem
is urgent and immediate."
"If you're already having water shortages in spring, you know it's going to
be a really bad summer."
Southern Spain has long been plagued by cyclical drought, but the current
crisis reflects a permanent climate change brought on by global warming and
it is a harbinger of a new kind of conflict, climate scientists say.
The battles of yesterday were fought over land, they warn. Those of the
present center on oil. But those of the future, a future made hotter and
dryer by climate change in much of the world, will focus on a much more
basic resource: water.
Dozens of world leaders are meeting at the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization in Rome starting Tuesday to address a global food
crisis caused in part by water shortages - in Africa, Australia and here in
southern Spain.
Climate change means that creeping deserts may eventually drive 135 million
people off their land, the United Nations estimates. Most of them are in the
developing world. But southern Europe is experiencing the problem now, its
climate drying to the point that it is becoming more like Saharan Africa's,
scientists say.
For Murcia, the water crisis has come already. And its arrival has been
accelerated by developers and farmers who have hewed to water-hungry
ventures hugely unsuited to a dryer, warmer climate: crops like lettuce that
need ample irrigation; resorts that promise a swimming pool in the backyard;
acres of freshly sodded golf courses that sop up millions of gallons a day.
"I come under a lot of pressure to release water from farmers and also from
developers," said Antonio Pérez Gracia, Fortuna's water manager, sipping
coffee with farmers in a bar in the town's dusty square on a recent morning.
He rued the fact that he can now provide each family with only 30 percent of
its water allotment.
"I'm not sure what we'll do this summer," he added, shaking his head. "They
can complain as much as they want but if there's no more water, there's no
more water."
Ruben Vives, a farmer who relies on Pérez's largess, said he could not
afford current black market water prices.
"This year, my livelihood is in danger," said Vives, who has farmed
low-water crops like lemons here for nearly two decades.
The thousands of wells - most of them illegal - that have in the past
temporarily quenched thirst have depleted underground water so much, so
fast, that soon pumps will not reach it. Water from northern Spain that was
once transferred here has slowed to a trickle, because wetter northern
provinces are drying up, too.
The scramble for water has set off scandals. Local officials are in prison
for taking payoffs to grant building permits in places where water is
inadequate. Chema Gil, a journalist who exposed one such scheme, has been
subject to death threats, carries pepper spray and is guarded day and night
by the Guardia Civil, Spain's military police force.
"The model of Murcia is completely unsustainable," Gil said. "We consume two
and a half times more water than the system can recover. So where do you get
it? Import it from elsewhere? Dry up the aquifer? With climate change we're
heading into a cul-de-sac. All the water we're using to water lettuce and
golf courses will be needed just to drink."
Facing a national crisis, Spain has become something of an unwitting
laboratory, sponsoring a European conference on water issues this summer and
announcing this year a national action plan to fight desertification. That
plan includes a shift to more efficient methods of irrigation and an
extensive program of desalinization plants to provide the fresh water than
nature does not.
The Spanish Environment Ministry estimates that a third of the country is
at risk of turning into desert from a combination of climate change and poor
land use.
Still, national officials visibly stiffen when asked about the "Africanization"
of Spain's climate - a term now common among scientists.
"We are in much better shape than Africa, but within the EU our situation is
serious," said Antonio Serrano Rodríguez, secretary general for land and
biodiversity at Spain's Environment Ministry.
Still, Serrano and others acknowledge the broad outlines of the problem.
"There will be places that can't be farmed any more, that were marginal and
are now useless," Serrano said. "We have parts of the country that are close
to the limit." Average surface temperature in Spain has risen 1.5 degrees
Celsius (nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit) compared with 0.8 degrees globally
since 1880, temperature records show. Rainfall here is expected to decrease
20 percent by 2020, and 40 percent by 2070, according to United Nations
projections.
The changes on the Almarcha family farm in Abanilla over the past three
decades are a testament to that hotter, dryer climate here. Until two
decades ago, the farm grew wheat and barley watered only by rain. As
rainfall dropped, Carlo Almarcha, now 51, switched to growing almonds.
About 10 years ago, he quit almonds and changed to organic peaches and
pears, "since they need less water," he explained. Recently he took up
olives and figs, "which resist drought and are less sensitive to weather."
Almarcha participates in an official water trading system, started last
year, in which farmers pay three times the normal price - 33 cents instead
of 12 per cubic meter, or 35 cubic feet - to get extra water. The black
market rate is even higher. Still, his outlook is bleak.
"You used to know this week in spring there will be rain," he said, standing
in his work boots on parched soil of an olive grove that was once a wheat
field. "Now you never know when or if it will come. Also there's no winter
any more and plants need cold to rest. So there's less growth. Sometimes
none. Even plants all seem confused."
While Almarcha has gradually moved toward less thirsty crops, many farmers
have gone in the opposite direction. Encouraged by the government's previous
water transfer schemes, they have shifted to producing a wide range of
water-hungry fruits and vegetables that had never been grown in the south.
Murcia is traditionally known for figs and date palms.
"You can't grow strawberries naturally in Huelva - it's too hot," said
Raquél Montón, a climate specialist at Greenpeace in Madrid, referring to
the strawberry capital of Spain. "In Sarragosa, which is a desert, we grow
corn, the most water-thirsty crop. It's insane. The only thing that would be
more insane is putting up casinos and golf courses."
Which, of course, Murcia has.
In 2001, a new land use law in Murcia made it far easier for local residents
to sell land for resort development. Though southern Spain has long had
elaborate systems for managing its relatively scarce water, today everyone,
it seems, has found ways to get around them.
Grass on golf courses or surrounding villas is sometimes labeled a "crop,"
making owners eligible for water that would not be allocated to keep leisure
space green. Foreign investors plant a few trees and call their holiday
homes farms so they are eligible for irrigation water, Pérez Gracia said.
"Once a property owner's got a water allotment, he asks for a change of land
use," he said. "Then he's got his property and he's got his water. It's
supposed to be for irrigation, but people use it for what they want. No one
knows if it goes to a swimming pool."
While he said his "heart goes out to the real farmers," he does not have the
manpower to monitor how people use their allotments.
With so much money to be made, officials set aside laws and policies that
might encourage sustainable development, said Gil, the journalist. At first,
he was vilified in the community when he wrote articles critical of the
developments. Recently, as people have discovered that the water is running
out, the attitude is shifting.
But even so, people and politicians tend to regard water as limitless
resource.
"Politicians think in four-year blocks, so its O.K. as long as it doesn't
run out on their watch," Montón of Greenpeace said. "People think about it,
but they don't really think about what happens tomorrow. They don't worry
until they turn on the tap and nothing flows."
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