Clean Energy and the Challenge of Technology
Stephen Ziri
One of the major challenges facing the realization of clean energy is
technology. Since the mid 19th Century, scientists noted that the
earth's temperature was rising as a result of the high concentration of
Green House Gases (GHG) in the earth's atmosphere. Green House Gases are
those gases that prevent the reflection of the heat generated by the sun
back into space after hitting earth. This traps the heat in the earth's
atmosphere by creating what has been described in simple terms as the
greenhouse effect. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide, among others. As a consequence of what is arguably, human
activity, the earth's glaciers were then beginning to melt. Scientific
data has shown that this phenomenon was accelerated in the last couple
of decades, resulting in the stampede to stabilize and eventually
reverse the global warming and associated climate change as well as the
danger it portends to the planet earth and its inhabitants.
Consequently, global warming and climate change have taken center stage
in shaping policy and discourse as it affects things as all encompassing
as energy generation, natural resources and industrial production, and
things even as otherwise mundane as beef production or even the
chemicals emitted by ants. The sector that was hardest hit however was
the energy sector (fossils and electricity) which are both, capital and
technology intensive. This sector and deforestation are the center of
attention in the bid to reduce global warming and climate change.
It is with these challenges in mind that the negotiators of the Kyoto
Protocol made provision for emission trading and the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM).These two programs are designed to enhance clean
development. They have also since inception, acted as guide and
inspiration for both policy makers and operators in the energy industry
in their collective bid to generate clean and affordable energy. The
Kyoto Protocol also makes further provisions requiring other sectors of
the international economy to meet specified targets in a collective
effort to help stabilize and eventually reduce the atmospheric
concentration of the green house gases responsible for global warming.
The energy industry is under more pressure to effect this transition
than any other industry because it is the industry that provides the
power that drives the global economy. Energy plants and production
facilities of different shapes and sizes are also spread around the
world; some clean, and others not so clean. Moreover, new technologies
have to be developed at huge costs to reduce emissions associated with
fossil fuel production and usage; and also be able to generate and
transmit clean energy through a more efficient grid system.
Emission trading is a scheme designed to persuade polluters to reduce
the emissions of green house gases by placing a price tag on each unit
of emission. This is based on the long established international natural
resources law of `the polluter pays'. The goal is for a polluter to
think twice before polluting. Under the emerging system of emissions
trading, polluters buy credit from the market which is depleted when
they pollute. Enough emission credit has to be purchased therefore to
pay for a specified amount of pollution. On the other hand, unused
emission credit can also be sold on the emissions market. Even though
money will change hands on the emission trading market, the objective is
not necessarily to generate wealth, but to discourage the reckless
pollution that the world witnessed post industrial revolution,
especially from the mid 19th Century to the early 20th Century. This
reckless industrial revolution era polution has remained a major
haggling point at climate talks; on the extent of responsibility to be
taken to cut emissions by both developed and developing economies like
China, India and Brazil.
The Clean Development Mechanism, on the other hand, is a program by
which corporations from developed countries are encouraged to undertake
clean projects in developing countries after which the CDM Executive
Board issues such corporations with Certified Emission Reduction (CER)
certificates for clean development. These CER certificates can also be
used as emissions credit.
The CDM is designed to aid the transfer of technology and capital to
poorer countries which are both necessary to enable these countries cope
with the challenges of climate change and the demands of clean energy
and other environmentally friendly development and production
activities. This transfer is made even more pressing because most of
these countries have neither the technology and capital nor the
expertise required to fulfill the urgent need and desire for clean and
environmentally responsible development. Through the CDM process, an
energy company can therefore invest in a hydropower plant, in Africa,
for example, and, earn CER emission credit to run its coal fired plant
in Frankfurt or London. These two international frameworks under the
Kyoto Protocol bring together three critical components of clean energy
in a world faced with an uncertain future in view of the yet unfolding
science of climate change. These components are: A) Emission reduction
which is the ultimate goal; B) Technology, and; C) Capital, which are
the tools required to achieve the first.
The biggest challenge facing the realization of clean energy yet is
technology, and this discourse will dwell on that. The euphoria that
followed the mass production of first generation biofuels appeared to be
misplaced when the carbon footprint of its production was discovered to
be in the same league with fossil fuels, if not worse, in addition to
its impact on global food security. The second and third generations
however remain largely at the level of R & D because they are technology
intensive and not cost effective. They succeeded, however in eliminating
the threat to global food security. Solar panels are also a clean energy
source but it is still not being harnessed on a large scale despite
reduction in the cost of its technology over time. It is to be noted
that solar power generation, especially at a large scale, require a lot
of space because a compact technology has not been achieved yet. Nuclear
energy, another clean energy source, is still plagued by security and
safety concerns. Hydro, as a source of clean energy on the other hand is
plagued by its effect on the marine environment and the communities
close to dam sites. There have also been international squabbles because
of the receding supplies of fresh water around the world. We are also
still light years away from being able to harness the potentials of fuel
cells on a large and commercially viable scale. The technology in
geothermal and wind are also becoming more widespread but not at their
optimum yet.
With many of these sources of clean energy facing one challenge or the
other, that leaves the sweet old fossil fuels, especially coal and gas
as the cheapest and most popular energy source for firing power plants.
This situation creates the need to develop the technology and the
capacity to reduce to a tolerable level, if not completely eliminate the
emission of the greenhouse gases associated with their use. Scientists
have thus come up with carbon sequestration or carbon capture and
storage (CCS) which is still not yet commercially available. But that
still does not mean all the issues are being resolved, because we are
still trapped in the vicious cycle of cost-technology-global warming.
Apart from the fact that the capacity to capture, compress and inject
the carbon dioxide into the ground is still being developed on a
commercially viable scale. A massive infrastructure also has to be
developed from the ground up; including a pipeline network to connect
the power plants to designated injection sites after the appropriate
geologic structures are identified and prepared for the purpose.
Underlying all these challenges is the uncertainty of the injection
itself because of the uncertainty of its chemistry, thereby, raising
concerns as to how the injection will impact the underground geologic
structures of the injection site. What will therefore, be the impact of
the storage in the medium and long term and even the impacts of
accidents involving concentrated carbon dioxide. This is certainly not
going to be anywhere near the impact of major oil spills, but it is
still a cause for concern. After all, it is to curb the release of this
gas into the atmosphere that all the trouble is being taken in the first
place. This further makes glaring the gaping hole where the appropriate
legal and policy framework that should guide the whole process is
supposed to be. These challenges are related to the scope of permitting
and licensing and even monitoring. Another one is the extent of and
responsibility for the infrastructure required for the effective running
of the CCS system, in addition to the fact that standards are required
for its operation. All these cannot be adequately articulated until the
boundaries of the science and technology are adequately defined. Still
unclear is also the extent of the impact of the cost of the technology
itself and the required infrastructure on the consumer, whom it is
certain, will have to pay more for clean energy, but how much more,
remains any one's guess.
While the issue of energy efficiency was one of the objectives of the
Kyoto Protocol for the energy sector, and it continues to remain on the
front burner of both operators in the energy industry and policy makers;
it will only make more sense if, and when the generation of clean and
affordable energy is achieved. While there exists very persuasive proof
that clean energy is achievable, the questions still linger as to how
soon and how affordable especially for the developing world.
If the developed world is still facing the challenges discussed above,
the case of the developing world is hopeless for now, because, it is not
only that they do not have the expertise, the technology too might be
beyond their meager resources. The most viable means of accessing and
using these technologies for the developing countries of the world even
when these technologies become commercially available is for
corporations in the developed parts of the world is to use the CDM
scheme under the Kyoto Protocol and the multilateral institutions under
the World Bank, such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Carbon
Finance Unit (CFU) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
These agencies, except MIGA, were set up to enhance clean development
and mitigate the impact of climate change by mobilizing and channeling
funds appropriately. Using these multilateral agencies will provide the
needed capital as well as a safety net against the prevalent political
instability that many of these developing nations are known for. This
way, a lot of barriers will be broken, while societies which would
otherwise not be able to afford clean energy will have it. Also, in
addition to having done business abroad, the corporations from the North
can also earn carbon credit to use on the domestic market.
These are some of the reasons why the fear of the Kyoto Protocol by a
section of the captains of the American industry and economy is, at
best, misplaced. The major challenges that will be associated with the
transition to clean energy are the capital and the technology required
to upgrade the technology and infrastructure currently in use. This is
required in every sector every now and then, including the public
sector, and with proper planning and execution, this transition can be
achieved over time with minimal disruptions in operations and consumer
adjustments. If we weigh the benefit against the cost, especially in the
long run, it is clearly a journey worth undertaking.
While we have made enough advances that show clean energy to be
attainable, the biggest challenge that appears to stand between us and
that goal is the development of appropriate technology and its
proliferation by the resources available to us.
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