September 14, 2012
Heat and Drought Ravage U.S. Crop Prospects—Global Stocks
Suffer
Janet Larsen
September estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) show 2012 U.S. corn yields at 123 bushels per acre, down by a
fourth from the 2009 high of 165 bushels per acre. Yields are the
lowest since 1995 and well below the average of the last 30 years.
The summer heat and drought also hit U.S. soybean yields, which are
down 20 percent from their 2009 peak.
High temperatures have combined with the worst drought in half a
century to wreak havoc on American farms and ranches. Some 80
percent of U.S. farm and pasture land experienced drought. The
average temperature across the contiguous United States from
January through August 2012 was far higher than in any past
year, a full 4 degrees Fahrenheit above the twentieth century
average, according to the
National Climatic Data Center. The summer of 2012 was the third
hottest on record. Only the summers of 2011 and 1936—the latter
during the Dust Bowl—were warmer.
In the top corn-producing state of Iowa, the spring was nearly 9
degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the average over the last century.
This was followed by an unusually warm and dry summer. St. Louis,
Missouri, in the southern Corn Belt, suffered 11 days over 105
degrees Fahrenheit in the summer of 2012, more than ever before.
With soils desiccated by drought, the baking temperatures dried
up corn silks and withered stalks. As summer progressed, more of the
country’s corn crop slipped from “good” or “excellent” condition, as
rated each week by USDA, to “fair,” “poor,” or “very poor.”
Corn prices ratcheted up. On July 19th, the price of a bushel of
corn on the futures market climbed above $8 for the first time ever.
By that point in the summer, only 26 percent of the U.S. corn crop
was in good shape, down from an estimated 77 percent early in the
season.
This year has illustrated all too clearly the precarious
relationship between temperature and yield. The “rule of thumb” is
that each 1-degree-Celsius rise in temperature (1.8 degrees
Fahrenheit) above the growing season optimum can cut productivity by
10 percent. Data from the field show that this may even be
conservative. Once a high temperature threshold is crossed, plants
cannot recover.
Crops in the United States are not the only ones to be hit this
year; heat and drought are also hampering wheat production in Russia
and Kazakhstan and corn production in southern Europe. Harvest
shortfalls in both U.S. corn, which is by far the world’s largest
crop, and wheat from the Black Sea region, which in a good year
looms large among world exports, mean trouble. It is now almost
certain that the world will fail yet again to bolster its
carryover grain stocks, leaving us dangerously vulnerable to
extreme weather in the coming years.
Carryover grain supplies in 2012 are projected to fall to 432
million tons, covering just 69 days of global consumption. With
global warming making crop-damaging weather ever more likely,
building a larger buffer of grain stocks—closer to 110 days of
consumption—is more urgent than ever before.
For further reading on the global food situation, see
Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity,
by Lester R. Brown (W.W. Norton: October 2012). A free preview
chapter of this soon-to-be-released book is on-line at
www.earth-policy.org/books/fpep.
Copyright © 2012 Earth Policy Institute