What's Behind Surging Ozone Pollution in Texas? Study to Weigh Role
of Fracking in Health Hazard
 Drilling
operation in the Eagle Ford shale in Texas, arguably
the nation's largest oil and gas development. A new
study will determine whether the drilling boom there
is contributing to the increase in San Antonio's
ozone, a pollutant that can cause asthma and other
respiratory illnesses. Credit: Scott Towery, flickr
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When ozone pollution skyrocketed in the tiny town of Boulder, Wyo., in 2008,
it was relatively easy to identify the culprit as oil and gas drilling, the only
major industry in the rural area.
Today, a similar situation in San Antonio, Texas, will be more difficult to
resolve. The city has violated federal ozone standards dozens of times since
2008, but with so much industrial activity in and around the city—including the
Eagle Ford shale drilling boom south of San Antonio—local officials are waiting
for the results of a state-funded study to pinpoint the source of the pollution.
San Antonio's ozone problem is so serious that the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency could designate the city a nonattainment area for ozone, a
hazardous air pollutant that can cause serious respiratory problems. If that
happens, the growing city would likely be saddled with additional air quality
regulations, including stricter pollution controls on vehicles and industrial
plants.
The EPA's ambient air quality standard for ozone is 75 parts per billion
(ppb). Since 2012, San Antonio's ozone monitors have detected concentrations as
high as 87 ppb.
The ozone study will include an emission inventory of all pollution sources
in the region. The final report, due in December, is expected to determine how
much of the problem is caused by drilling in the Eagle Ford, arguably the
nation's largest oil and gas development.
Peter Bella, natural resources director of the
Alamo
Area Council of Governments, the group behind the study, said it's premature
to blame shale drilling for the city's ozone problems. AACOG serves 12 counties,
including five in the Eagle Ford shale.
"It's a long process to try and figure out what the heck's going on," Bella
said. "I think what we have to do, out of a sense of fairness and accuracy, is
to complete our emissions inventory [of the Eagle Ford] and place it into the
context of the rest of our inventory."
Elena Craft,
a health scientist at the nonprofit
Environmental Defense Fund,
said San Antonio has a tough road ahead even if it brings itself back into
compliance. The EPA is expected to tighten the ozone standard in the next few
years, making it that much harder to keep San Antonio out of nonattainment.
"When you go into nonattainment, it is something of an admission that state
and local folks weren't able to make the requirements and reductions to maintain
compliance," Bella said "In a certain sense, it's saying the federal government
is taking the reins."
Ozone levels in San Antonio began rising in 2007, with the steepest increase
seen around 2011, just as the Eagle Ford boom exploded. The heaviest drilling in
the 400-by-50 mile shale play lies 50 miles southeast of the city, and the wind
often blows from the southeast.
But of the three ozone monitors San Antonio uses to collect data on ozone
compliance, the monitor closest to the shale play also records the lowest ozone
concentrations. And the culprit could even be farther away, because studies have
shown that emissions from power plants can travel hundreds of miles.
Still, drilling in the Eagle Ford is an important factor.
Previous studies show that emissions of ozone-forming chemicals from sources
other than drilling have dropped significantly since 2007 despite the city's
population growth, said Steven Smeltzer, AACOG's environmental manager. Smeltzer
attributes the improvement to new vehicle standards and voluntary reductions by
local industries.
Preliminary numbers from the AACOG study also indicate that much of the
problem lies in the Eagle Ford. InsideClimate News obtained a copy of the data,
which have not been made public. The data show that during the months when San
Antonio experiences the highest ozone levels—April through October—oil and gas
development produced about half the amount of ozone-forming emissions per day as
all other industrial sources combined.
Bella said the data came from an early version of the study that wasn't as
thorough as later drafts. "My sense is they're really not worth using...They're
not solid numbers."
He declined to comment on whether the numbers are close to the latest
estimates. What matters isn't the number, he said, but the process behind the
study. If the science isn't right, then it's "garbage in, garbage out."
Pinpointing Ozone Sources Is Difficult
The San Antonio study poses many technical challenges for the scientists
involved.
Ground-level ozone is formed when nitrous oxides (NOx) react with volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of heat and sunlight. Instead of
looking directly for ozone, scientists must track emissions of NOx and VOCs and
analyze how they react and move in the atmosphere. Both types of chemicals are
released by the burning of fossil fuels. VOCs are also emitted from other
sources, including oil and gas wells.
Some sources are easier to trace than others. Power plants, for instance,
regularly collect data on what's emitted from smokestacks. And vehicle
registration data can be used to calculate emissions from cars and trucks. But
it's much harder to track sources like VOC-emitting house paints and the
collective contributions of drilling equipment used in the Eagle Ford.
"What we would love to do is go out to the site, write down the description
of every engine, generator, pump, everything that burns fossil fuels, get a
description of the horsepower, load factor, the whole nine yards...[and] do a
complete inventory on a site by site basis," Bella said. But because his team
has limited time and resources, "clearly that's impossible."
Results from the emission inventory will be plugged into a photochemical
model that shows how ozone behaves in the atmosphere over time.
AACOG is working with Eagle Ford operators to get a better understanding of
the equipment used during extraction. The group is also getting help from
scientists at the Texas
Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), the state agency that is funding
the study.
The TCEQ's primary role is to review the study design and provide technical
comments on the drafts, agency spokesman Terry Clawson said in an email. "[We]
have considerable expertise in both emissions inventory development as well as
photochemical modeling." The TCEQ will review the final report before it is
released to the public.
Bella said his team has worked hard to ground the study in good science. "My
assessment is, there will be no issues with either our modeling or our data."
A spokesman for the South Texas
Energy and Economic Roundtable, an industry organization that represents 11
of the largest operators in the Eagle Ford, declined to comment before the
report is released.
Air Quality a Problem in Many Drilling Areas
The San Antonio study underscores the difficulty of addressing air pollution
near oil and gas production. The recent shale boom has created air quality
concerns around the country, both in new gas fields like Pennsylvania's
Marcellus shale and in existing fields in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah where
production is expanding. When air quality declines, regulators must determine
whether the problem is caused by local oil and gas development or by factors
such as population growth and regional transport.
Ozone is one of hundreds, if not thousands of chemicals emitted from oil and
gas development. But it gets a lot of attention because it's one of the few
compounds with clear federal standards for public health.
Ozone causes lung irritation and is particularly problematic for children,
the elderly and people with asthma. At certain concentrations, it can cause
permanent damage by burning lung tissue. (Ground-level ozone produced by
industrial activity is considered "bad" ozone. Stratospheric ozone, or "good"
ozone, occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere and protects
humans from harmful UV radiation).
Most ozone violations occur in the summer, when heat and sunlight trigger
rapid reactions between NOx and VOCs.
But in recent years, an increase in wintertime high ozone has been linked to
oil and gas activity in western states, including communities in Utah's Uinta
basin and Colorado's Front Range. One of the most publicized cases involves the
town of Boulder, Wyo., which has just 170 residents according to the 2010
census.
The community in rural Sublette County lies near two natural gas fields.
Winter ozone levels began rising in the early 2000s, and a local ozone monitor
recorded a staggering concentration of 122 ppb in 2008.
Chris Merrill, associate director of the
Wyoming Outdoor Council, said the highest readings occurred during a perfect
storm of atmospheric conditions. Like many communities in the Intermountain
West, Boulder often experiences wintertime temperature inversions that trap
pollutants close to the earth’s surface. If the inversions occur when snow is on
the ground, the white reflective surface allows more sunlight to bounce off the
ground and triggers additional ozone formation.
The EPA declared Sublette County an ozone nonattainment area in 2010. Since
then, Wyoming regulators have worked with oil and gas operators to lower
emissions by fixing equipment leaks and reducing flaring of gases during the
winter.
Merrill said the process in Wyoming has worked well. State regulators have
taken public input from members of industry, conservation groups and local
residents. Although Boulder still has high ozone days, the situation has
improved, he said, due to industry changes and a lack of inversions coinciding
with snow cover.
As San Antonio searches for ways to lower its ozone levels, the EPA is
nearing the end of its regular five-year review of the latest ozone science.
Craft, the Environmental Defense Fund scientist, and other health experts say
the current 75 ppb standard doesn't do enough to protect public health. They
expect the EPA to lower the standard to between 60 and 70 ppb.
The good news for San Antonio is that the new EPA rules probably won’t take
effect until at least 2016, Bella said, giving the city more time to begin
solving the problem.
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